Introduction Pumps and valves are used to maintain refinery processes continuously without sacrificing blend accuracy or quality. In fact, 10% to 15% of the capital investment in a refinery is for pumps and valves. Using an incorrect pumps and valves…

Introduction Blending operations are important yet delicate tasks. They involve mixing components, tank allocation, blending of stock products, storage, and product delivery. A well-structured schedule will therefore maximize profit by reducing the cost of transition and improving order delivery. In…

Introduction A refinery produces many blended products to fit requirements. These include asphalt, distillate fuel oil, finished motor gasoline, finished aviation gasoline, kerosene, kerosene-type jet fuel, liquefied refinery gases, lubricants, naphtha-type jet fuel, petrochemical feedstock, miscellaneous products, and other oils.…