Introduction The most time-consuming and arduous activity in a refinery is the movement of feeds and products within and out of a refinery. It is estimated that there are roughly 200 movements per day coming from hundreds of pumps, switches,…

Introduction There are four types of terminals for receipt of crude oil. They include transfer through pipelines, trucks, railway tankers, and ship tankers. Custody transfer is the reconciliation and transfer of documents between the company and buyers. Different specifications are…

Introduction Integrating different systems in a refinery is essential to the performance improvement of various operations and processes. Integration includes introducing automated technologies, modern data acquisition systems, and computer programming techniques concerning online and offline blending procedures. This topic will…